Which ionization process requires the most energy?

a. p(g) → p+ (g) + e-

b. p+ (g) → p2+(g) + e-

c. p2+(g) → p3+(g) + e-

d. p3+(g) → p4+(g) + e?

An ionization process involves stripping an electron from an atom - multiple processes involve multiple electrons. The amount of energy required to strip an electron depends on the element and its electronegativity; in essence, atoms that don’t need the extra electron (sodium, for example) give it up for little energy, while atoms that want the electron require a massive amount of energy to take it away (chlorine, for example).

In this case, the energy trend follows so that successive ionizations become more and more energetic regardless of the atom itself, meaning that D is the correct answer for this question.

Hope this helps!

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chemical changes occur when a substance combines with another to form a new substance, called chemical synthesis or, alternatively, chemical decomposition into two or more different substances. these processes are called chemical reactions and, in general, are not reversible except by further chemical reactions. some reactions produce heat and are called exothermic reactions and others may require heat to enable the reaction to occur, which are called endothermic reactions. understanding chemical changes is a major part of the science of chemistry.