Why is the base of an energy pyramid wider than the top

It is due to a lack of providable energy to the next trophic level of the energy pyramid. Primary consumers only obtain around 10% of energy that producers have, and the energy depletes as you move further and further up the food chain, until you reach the tertiary consumers which have the least amount of energy at their disposal, meaning there are less of them than other organisms further down the energy pyramid.

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the positions which points up in upward carbon and down in downward carbon are axial

and vice versa holds true for equatorial positions

so the correct answer with labelled diagram will be

when the volume of gas is   changed from   717.73 ml   to 852 ml   the temperature will   change   from 315   c to 452   c

    calculation

this is calculated using the charles law formula

that is,   v1/t1 = v2/t2

          v1=?

        t1 = 315 c   into   kelvin = 315 +273 = 588 k

        v2 = 852   ml

        t2 = 425c + 273 =698 k

make v1   the subject of the formula ( by   multiplying both side by t1)

  v1=( v2 xt1) / t2

v1= (852 ml   x 588 k)/ 698 k= 717.73 ml