Aclosed system is: completely closed to the outside environment. only slightly exposed to the outside environment. in constant exchange with the environment completely exposed to the outside environment.

A closed system is completely closed to the outside environment. Every interaction is transmitted inside that closed system.

alfred von schlieffen, german army chief of staff, was given instructions to devise a strategy that would be able to counter a joint attack. in december, 1905, he began circulating what later became known as the schlieffen plan. schlieffen argued that if war took place it was vital that france was speedily defeated.