Jamie is 42 years old and received a $20,000 distribution for his roth ira established in 2009. at the time of distribution, the roth ira account totaled 33,748: $18,000 regular contributions, $10,000 taxable conversion contributions made in 2014, and 5,748 earnings. how much of his distribution is taxable and subject to the early distribution penalty?

You wish to retire in 13 years, at which time you want to have accumulated enough money to receive an annual annuity of $23,000 for 18 years after retirement. during the period before retirement you can earn 9 percent annually, while after retirement you can earn 11 percent on your money. what annual contributions to the retirement fund will allow you to receive the $23,000 annuity? use appendix c and appendix d for an approximate answer, but calculate your final answer using the formula and financial calculator methods.