Problem 2 (8 points): You are doing a regression analysis on stock data, which consists of a companies' stocks measured at 20 quarterly intervals over the last five years. Each observation consists of the stock price and the dividends paid per share during that month. a (2 points). You want to know if the stock price grows faster when firms pay higher dividend rates. Write down a model that allows you to estimate the effect of increasing the dividend rate on the growth rate of the stock price. Note that a dividend rate is the percentage of earnings paid as dividends to stockholders, and is generally chosen by firms, while the total amount of dividends paid generally increases over time as firms grow.

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Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.

The retained earnings account has a credit balance of $24,650 before closing entries are made. if total revenues for the period are $77,700, total expenses are $56,900, and dividends are $13,050, what is the ending balance in the retained earnings account after all closing entries are made?