Sales $ 154,000 $ 630,000 $ 42,000 $ 261,000 Sales discounts 5,000 14,000 600 3,800 Sales returns and allowances 18,000 6,000 4,300 700 Cost of goods sold 88,556 393,450 28,567 138,510 (a) Compute net sales, gross profit, and the gross margin ratio for each of the four separate companies. (b) Which company has the better gross margin ratio?

1) the stages a new product goes through from beginning to end, i.e., the stages that a product passes through from introduction through growth, maturity, and decline. 2) the time from initial research and development to the time at which sales and support of the product to customers are withdrawn. 3) the period of time during which a product can be produced and marketed profitably.

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