What are the causes of overcapitalization and possible remedies thereto​

What is the second step in communication planning? determine the purpose of the message outline the communication for delivery determine the best channel of communication clarify objectives identify the audience

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.

Kirnon clinic uses client-visits as its measure of activity. during july, the clinic budgeted for 3,250 client-visits, but its actual level of activity was 3,160 client-visits. the clinic has provided the following data concerning the formulas to be used in its budgeting: fixed element per month variable element per client-visitrevenue - $ 39.10personnel expenses $ 35,100 $ 10.30medical supplies 1,100 7.10occupancy expenses 8,100 1.10administrative expenses 5,100 0.20total expenses $ 49,400 $ 18.70the activity variance for net operating income in july would be closest to: