Agreement and disagreement among economists Suppose that Hubert, an economist from a university in Arizona, and Kate, an economist from a school of industrial relations, are arguing over saving incentives. The following dialogue shows an excerpt from their debate:
Kate: Most people recognize that the budget deficit has been rising considerably over the last century. We need to find the best course of action to remedy this situation.
Hubert: I believe that a cut In income tax rates would boost economic growth and raise tax revenue enough to reduce budget deficits.
Kate: I actually feel that raising the top Income tax rate would reduce the budget deficit more effectively.
The disagreement between these economists is most likely due to.
Despite their differences, with which proposition are two economists chosen at random most likely to agree?
A. Lawyers make up an excessive percentage of elected officials.
B. Tariffs and Import quotas generally reduce economic welfare.
C. Minimum wage laws do more to harm low-skilled workers than help them.

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.