A natural experiment is a chance occurrence that mimics a randomized controlled trial. In order to analyze causal effects from natural experiments, economists make use of a statistical method known as instrumental variables, in which one variable from a natural experiment is used as an instrument for a particular independent variable of interest. Assume the independent variable of interest is x1 and the dependent variable in a regression is y. Which of the following represent necessary characteristics of a suitable instrument? a. The instrument has at least 200 observations
b. The instrument is correlated with
c. The instrument has a conditional mean of zero
d. The instrument does not directly influence y, except through

Which of the following best explains why a large company can undersell small retailers? a. large companies can offer workers lower wages because they provide more jobs. b. large companies can pay their employees less because they do unskilled jobs. c. large companies can negotiate better prices with wholesalers. d. large companies have fewer expenses associated with overhead.

Jacob is a member of wcc (an llc taxed as a partnership). jacob was allocated $155,000 of business income from wcc for the year. jacob’s marginal income tax rate is 37 percent. the business allocation is subject to 2.9 percent of self-employment tax and 0.9 percent additional medicare tax. (round your intermediate calculations to the nearest whole dollar a) what is the amount of tax jacob will owe on the income allocation if the income is not qualified business income? b) what is the amount of tax jacob will owe on the income allocation if the income is qualified business income (qbi) and jacob qualifies for the full qbi duduction?

Part three of three how are exchange rates determined in a flexible exchange rate system? us dollar compared to the pound inflation and deflation us dollar compared to the euro supply and demand read the statement. country a is running a trade deficit. what must country a do to reverse this trend? it must hire more workers to increase products for export. it must continue the course it is currently following. it must print more money so people will spend more. it must increase trade exports with other countries. what are consequences of a weak dollar? (select all that apply.) increase in the cost of exports unemployment in import industries increase in the cost of imports unemployment in export industries which is an example of regional cooperation to promote economic growth? neighboring countries negotiate tariffs and duties regarding trade. neighboring countries sign a pact to limit immigration into their countries. neighboring countries remain separate but work together to promote peace. neighboring countries set up quotas on resources that can be sold. why would wealthy nations have an interest in the development of poor nations? (select all that apply.) it opens up new markets for goods and services. it leads to migration between the countries. they want to improve tariff revenues with imports. they feel an ethical or moral obligation to do so. how can the world bank developing nations economically? it can work to remove serious health problems so resources can shift to economic growth. it can provide loans to developing countries to build new infrastructures. it can protect and negotiate free trade deals between neighboring nations. it can sell medical drugs and other treatments to clinics at a very low cost, saving the patients money. which is a characteristic of the takeoff stage of rostow's five stages of economic growth? the population as a whole has its basic needs met and enjoys a high standard of living focused on consumer goods. advancements in technology require a skilled labor force competent in electronics, medicine, and engineering. a country begins to grow rapidly and new industries start to emerge that drive further economic development. the labor of a country is unskilled and focuses on agricultural production, animal husbandry, and the harvesting of timber. how can a developing nation improve its economy if it lacks natural resources? it can default on loans owed to foreign banks. it can place high tariffs on all of its imports. it can engage in international trade. it can flood foreign exchange markets with its currency. how might developing countries obtain funding? (select all that apply.) they can obtain financial assistance from world bank. they can attain microloans from neighboring countries. they can gain loans from private investors. they can acquire grants from foreign countries. what reasons do protectionists cite most for restricting trade? (select all that apply.) to protect national security and prohibit us reliance on other countries to protect us taxpayers from increased income and corporate tax rates to protect us infant industries that tend to have high production costs to protect us jobs due to cheap labor in other countries