Job Order Costing and Process Costing Applications For each of the following situations, indicate whether job order or process costing is more appropriate and why. (a.) Building contractor for residential dwellings Answer Job order (b.) Manufacturer of nylon yarn (single weight) that sells to fabric-making textile companies Answer Process (c.) Evening gown manufacturer that makes gowns in several different fabrics, colors, styles, and sizes Answer Job order (d.) Hosiery mill that manufactures a one size-fits-all product Answer Process (e.) Vehicle battery manufacturer that has just received an order for 400,000 identical batteries Answer Process

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.