Ian has decided to start a business installing voice over Internet protocol (VOIP) software on computers that allows individuals to make phone calls via the Internet. To get his business up and running, Ian has decided to place an ad in the paper. He does not have any money, so he has to put the cost of the ad on his credit card. Ian will spend more money than he will make in the first three months due to the fact that his VOIP business is in the stage of its life cycle.

As the inventor of hypertension medication, onesure pharmaceuticals (osp) inc. was able to reap the benefits of economies of scale due to a large consumer demand for the drug. even when competitors later developed similar drugs after the expiry of osp's patents, regular users did not want to switch because they were concerned about possible side effects. which of the following benefits does this scenario best illustrate? a. first-mover advantages b. social benefits c. network externalities d. fringe benefits