What are the tenets of modern management theory?

Paid-in-capital in excess of par represents the amount of proceeds a. from the original sale of common stock b. in excess of the par value from the original sale of common stock c. at the current market value of the common stock d. at the curent book value of the common stock

Arestaurant that creates a new type of sandwich is using (blank) as a method of competition.

What three important pieces of information can we learn by reading a production possibilities gragh?