A legislative committee is weighing the pros and cons of a clean-air program. If it spends $1 million on the program, the air will be cleaner by 20 percent. If it spends $2 million, the air will be cleaner by 30 percent. If it spends $3 million, the air will
be cleaner by 35 percent. After comparing opportunity costs and benefits at the margin, the committee agrees to fund the
program with $2 million. Why did it not choose to appropriate $3 million?
a. At $3 million, the air is not improved as much as the committee would like.
b.
At $3 million, the costs are no longer worth the benefits.
C.
It was too much to spend without a guarantee.
d. The air is improved by the same amount whether $2 million or $3 million is spent.

10.     lucy is catering an important luncheon and wants to make sure her bisque has the perfect consistency. for her bisque to turn out right, it should have the consistency of a. cold heavy cream. b. warm milk. c. foie gras. d. thick oatmeal. student d   incorrect

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.

Dan wants to start a supermarket in his hometown, and wants to get into the business only after finding out about the market and how successful his business might be. the best way for dan to gain knowledge is to: