Spinoza, a professional hockey player, sustained serious injuries when a flying puck penetrated the face protector on his helmet. Spinoza decides to bring a products liability suit against his team and the helmet manufacturer alleging that the face mask component of the helmet was defectively designed. In such a case, which proof element (i. e., evidence) would be helpful to Spinoza: a. an alternative face mask design (deemed safer in independent laboratory tests) has been available in the marketplace for several years.
c. the management of Spinozaâs team is aware of the safer design but allows players to choose their own preferred (less safe in many cases) helmet.
d. use of the alternative design could have reduced or avoided Spinozaâs injury.
e. all of the above.

Option e (all of the above) is the correct choice.

Explanation:

Besides Ice Hockey Players helmets, this year's inclusion methodology is investigated:

The neighborhood of coverage, extensiveness and shape of protective material, stabilization framework percentage of elongation, and thermal expansion. ASTM F1045 "Standard successful project regarding Ice Hockey Helmets" seems to be the requirement used for an athlete helmet evaluation. The minimum sections including its head that even the helmet should protect and defend are required by this requirement. The norm stipulates who and how wide gaps throughout the helmet should be, in comparison to something like the coverage criteria. By measuring the chinstrap for resilience and flexural strength and therefore by investigating the effectiveness absorption characteristics including its helmet liner, the strength including its helmet is assessed.Via measuring the chinstrap for resilience and elasticity and therefore by investigating the effectiveness absorbing properties of the helmet liner, the consistency including its helmet is assessed. All tests are carried out using helmets that have been applied to head shapes that mimic separate physical head sizes. The helmet is mounted on a head shape for the retaining scheme and perhaps a pressure is applied that used a method to mimic the configuration of the chin bone. The endurance as well as elongation characteristics of the harness including its helmet are measured.The innovative face mask style that Spinoza's may have used seems to have been commercially available for far too many decades. Spinoza's team leadership is conscious including its safer style, but it encourages participants to select their favorite helmet. Unless the alternative architecture could also have been minimized or eliminated through the use of Spinoza.

Some other alternative options offered are not comparable to something like the situation described. So, the best option is the one above.