Laurel, Inc., has debt outstanding with a coupon rate of and a yield to maturity of . Its tax rate is . What is Laurel's effective (after-tax) cost of debt? NOTE: Assume that the debt has annual coupons. Note: Assume that the firm will always be able to utilize its full interest tax shield.

How does your household gain from specialization and comparative advantage? (what is produced, what is not produced yet paid to a specialist to produce? )

Onsider the following subscription behavior information from genie, a web site that provides tools for constructing a family tree (ancestor search). subscriptions cost $9.99 per month, but you are charged for the entire year at the time of purchase. there is a one-year minimum term when you sign up for the service. once purchased, subscriptions are set to renew automatically unless the subscriber cancels them. when a membership renews, it renews for a one-year term and again you are charged for the entire year. there are no variable costs associated with providing this service to an individual customer, but genie does engage in customer relationship activities that they believe will increase customer retention. these customer relationship activities cost genie about $10 per year per customer. based on a sample of 1000 customers that joined genie five years ago, near the time when the company was founded, they were able to determine how many of those customers remained subscribers in the second year, third year etc. based on this information, genie calculated the average annual retention rate to be 20%. genie uses an annual discount rate of 8%. a. last year, genie spent $10,000 placing advertisements on google. genie management believes that these advertisements were responsible for about 300 new subscribers. would you recommend to genie management that they purchase more google ads? b. suppose a newly-introduced loyalty program increases the number of customers that remained to 30%. does this new data change your answer to 9.a? c. do you have any hesitations or concerns about making recommendations to management based on your above estimate of customer lifetime value?

Firms like papa john’s, domino’s, and pizza hut sell pizza and other products that are differentiated in nature. while numerous pizza chains exist in most locations, the differentiated nature of these firms’ products permits them to charge prices above marginal cost. given these observations, is the pizza industry most likely a monopoly, perfectly competitive, monopolistically competitive, or an oligopoly industry?