The term liquidity trap describes a macroeconomic scenario in which: a. low interest rates cause firms to shift toward capital and away from labor, increasing unemployment.
b. increased levels of imports cause a country to shift away from manufacturing, which leads to increasingly higher levels of imports.
c. low interest rates cause people to hoard money, making output and employment stagnate.
d. an excess of cash is introduced into the economy, causing large levels of inflation.

The leading producer of cell phone backup batteries, jumpstart, has achieved great success because they produce high-quality battery backups that are not too expensive. even so, another company that produces lower-quality batteries at the same price has also achieved some success, but not as much as jumpstart. also, in general, the price of backup batteries has declined because of economies of scale and learning. in addition, jumpstart has added complementary assets, such as a carrying case. considering all of these factors, the backup battery industry is most likely in the introduction stage. growth stage. shakeout stage. maturity stage.