Dillon has a standard of 2 hours of labor per unit, at $12 per hour. In producing 2,000 units, Dillon used 3,850 hours of labor at a total cost of $46,970. Dillon's total labor variance is

1,030 favorable

Explanation:

Data given

Total cost = $46,970

Labor hours = 3,850

Standard hours = 2 hours per unit at $12 per hour

The computation of total variance is shown below:-

For computing the total variance first we need to find out the labor rate variance and labor efficiency variance

Labor rate variance = (Actual rate - Standard rate) × Actual hours

= ($46,970 ÷ 3,850 - 12) × 3,850

= ( 12.20 - $12) × 3850  

= $770 unfavorable

Labor efficiency variance = (Standard hours - Actual hours) × standard rate

= (2 × 2,000 - 3,850) × $12  

= (4,000 - 3,850) × $12    

= 150 × 12    

= $1,800 favorable

Total labor variance = Labor price variance + labor quantity variance  

= 770 unfavorable + 1800 favorable

= 1,030 favorable

So, for computing the total variance we simply applied the above formula.

sound is invisible, but sometimes we can feel it. when a kettle-drum is thumped with a stick that time the tight drum skin moving up and down very quickly for some time and then it pumped sound waves into the air. loudspeakers also work in a similar manner.

components of a speaker:

electromagnet

in order to translate an electrical signal into an audible sound, an electromagnet is used in looudspeakers

  suspension

suspension is used to   center the voice coil in the gap of the magnet and it exerts a restoring force to keep it there. suspension is used to limits the maximum mechanical excursion of the diaphragm and voice coil.

voice coil

voice coil is a coil of wire which is attached to the apex of a loudspeaker cone. it provides the motive force to the cone by the reaction of a magnetic field to the current passing through it.

cone

in a   loudspeaker, a   thin, semi-rigid membrane attached to the voice coil, which moves in a magnetic gap due to which it vibrates   and produced sound. it is known as diaphragm and it can also be called a cone, though not all speaker diaphragms are cone-shaped.

surround

surround is also known as front suspension. surround is used to join the cone to the chassis. together with the suspension it controls the cone excursion, and it is also used to   determine how energy which is   travelling through the cone is absorbed, and how the speaker limits when it reaches the ends of its travel.

dustcap

dustcap is used to protect the voice coil from dust and dirt. it is a part of the cone.

how speaker work

the outer part of the cone is fastened to the outer part of the loudspeaker's circular metal rim. the inner part is fixed to   voice coil that sits just in front of a permanent magnet . when loudspeaker is hooked up to a stereo, electrical signals feed through the speaker cables into the coil. it will convert the coil into an electromagnet magnet . when electricity flows back and forth in the cables, the electromagnet either repels or attract the permanent magnet. this moves the coil back and forth, and it pull and push the loudspeaker cone. like a drum skin vibrating back and forth, the moving cone pumps sounds out into the air.in this way loudspeakers works.

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