Research has found that instigating and upholding task-oriented conflicts in the decision-making process can be a strategy to counteract biased information seeking. One conflict-stimulating procedure involves assigning a counterargument role to a group member. When consensus on a particular decision solution has emerged, the contrary employee tries to identify all weaknesses inherent in it. The group must then react to this criticism, and see if the arguments put forth can be invalidated. This procedure is an example of what type of dissent

Pear co.’s income statement for the year ended december 31, as prepared by pear’s controller, reported income before taxes of $125,000. the auditor questioned the following amounts that had been included in income before taxes: equity in earnings of cinn co. $ 40,000 dividends received from cinn 8,000 adjustments to profits of prior years for arithmetical errors in depreciation (35,000) pear owns 40% of cinn’s common stock, and no acquisition differentials are relevant. pear’s december 31 income statement should report income before taxes of

Many potential buyers value high-quality used cars at the full-information market price of € p1 and lemons at € p2. a limited number of potential sellers value high-quality cars at € v1 ≤ p1 and lemons at € v2 ≤ p2. everyone is risk neutral. the share of lemons among all the used cars that might be potentially sold is € θ . suppose that the buyers incur a transaction cost of $200 to purchase a car. this transaction cost is the value of their time to find a car. what is the equilibrium? is it possible that no cars are sold

When the price of pencils increases from $1.50 to $2.50, there is an increase in quantity demanded of pens from 100 to 150. the cross-price elasticity of demand between pencils and pens is: ?