Essentially, centralization or decentralization are concepts that refer to the: a. strategies implemented by an organization to create, market, and distribute its products. b. levels where decisions are made in the hierarchy of an organization. c. number of hierarchical levels existing in an organization. d. tools that allow an organization to monitor and evaluate whether or not its strategies and structure are working as intended. e. business models designed to help a company expand nationally and manage a wide range of products.