"Suppose all five ranchers know that Mariana has $3 million to spend on their land and they also know that their land that Mariana needs is worth a total of $2 million. Each rancher believes that one or more of the other ranchers will settle for less than the maximum value of their land and therefore each decides to ask Mariana to pay $750,000 for their parcel of land. The logical outcome in this situation is for the railway , and the benevolent social planner is ."

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The business cycle is the periodic but irregular up-and-down movement in economic activity, measured by fluctuations in real gross domestic product (gdp) and other macroeconomic variables. a business cycle is typically characterized by four phases—recession, recovery, growth, and decline—that repeat themselves over time. economists note, however, that complete business cycles vary in length. the duration of business cycles can be anywhere from about two to twelve years, with most cycles averaging six years in length. some business analysts use the business cycle model and terminology to study and explain fluctuations in business inventory and other individual elements of corporate operations. but the term "business cycle" is still primarily associated with larger (industry-wide, regional, national, or even international) business trends.