Graham Bell lost thousands of dollars speculating during the stock market crash of 2008. When his niece told him that she is planning to invest some of her funds in the IPO of an automobile company, he tried to dissuade her. Bell pointed to his experience and tried to convince his niece that her investment is a gamble that will put her entire wealth at risk. Which of the following is a flaw in Bell's reasoning?
a. He is confusing stocks and bonds.
b. He thinks that he had entered the markets at the wrong time.
c. He thinks that returns from stock market investments are uncertain.
d. He does not consider the fact that one cannot lose more than the amount paid for the stock.