When evaluating multiple alternatives or projects, against what must they be compared, if they are (a) independent, and (b) mutually exclusive

Suppose an economist believes that the price level in the economy is directly related to the money supply, or the amount of money circulating in the economy. the economist proposes the following relationship: p=a x m - p=price level - m=money supply - a=a composite of other factors, including real gdp, that change very slowly over time. how might an economist gather empirical data to test the proposed relationship between money and the price level? an economist would persuade the federal reserve to change the money supply to various levels, and observe the resulting changes in the price level. unlike researchers in the hard sciences, economists cannot study complex relationships using data. economists do not usually develop theoretical models of the economy but only analyze summary statistics about the current state of the economy. an economist would look for data on past changes in the money supply, and note the resulting changes in the price level

land, a building and equipment are acquired for a lump sum of $ 1,000,000. the market values of the land, building and equipment are $ 300,000, $ 800,000 and $ 300,000, respectively. what is the cost assigned to the equipment? (do not round any intermediary calculations, and round your final answer to the nearest dollar.)

You are given the following information about aggregate demand at the existing price level for an economy: (1) consumption = $400 billion, (2) investment = $40 billion, (3) government purchases = $90 billion, and (4) net export = $25 billion. if the full-employment level of gdp for this economy is $600 billion, then what combination of actions would be most consistent with closing the gdp gap here?