Kessler, Inc. received the following information from its pension plan trustee concerning the operation of the company's defined-benefit pension plan for the year ended December 31, 2018: January 1, 2018 December 31, 2018 Projected benefit obligation $2,480,000 $2,830,000 Fair value of plan assets 1,150,000 1,500,000 Accumulated benefit obligation 1,921,000 2,611,000 Accumulated OCI―(PSC) 532,000 296,000 The service cost component for 2018 is $137,500 and the amortization of prior service cost is $236,000. The company's actual funding of the plan in 2018 amounted to $500,000. The expected return on plan assets and the settlement rate were both 9%. Determine the pension expense to be reported in 2018. Pension expense $ Prepare the journal entry to record pension expense and the employer's contribution to the pension plan in 2018. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.) Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.