Like many characters created for commercials, the Chihuahua in the Taco Bell commercials has appeared on T-shirts, caps, cups, and posters--some licensed, many not. Soon some other commercials will capture the attention of the American consumer, and some other character(s) will appear on T-shirts, caps, cups, and posters. These commercial-derived products are examples of:

Ronald sees that his employer's stock has grown from $20 a share to $60 a share this year, while most stocks have seen only 5% growth. his employer offers to let him convert a large portion of his salary into stock options. what is not a valid reason to turn down the stock offer? a)stocks with high returns have high volatility, and ronald's company may not grow further. b)ronald may be taxed more for capital gains than he would be for employment income. c)stock options are illiquid, and ronald may not be able to use them to pay for unexpected bills. d)ronald would be committing stock fraud if he exercises the options.