In which one of the following situations is the political process most likely to result in both the acceptance of efficient (productive) programs and the rejection of inefficient (counterproductive) political activities?

a. The costs are highly concentrated, and the benefits are widespread among voters.
b. The people who benefit from a government program pay the costs of the program roughly in proportion to the benefits that each receives.
c. The benefits accrue primarily in the future, while the costs are more visible during the current period.
d. The benefits are highly concentrated, and the costs are widespread among voters.