A(n) is a formal access control methodology used to assign a level of confidentiality to an information asset and thus restrict the number of people who can access it..

Following is stanley black & decker’s income statement for 2016 (in millions): stanley black & decker, inc. income statement for the year ended december 31, 2016 ($ millions) sales $11,406.9 cost of goods sold 7,139.7 gross profit $ 4,267.2 selling, general and administrative expenses 2,602.0 other operating expenses 268.2 operating income 1,397.0 interest and other nonoperating expenses 171.3 income before income tax 1,225.7 income tax expense 261.2 net income $ 964.5 compute stanley black & decker’s gross profit margin.

You are chairman of the board of a successful technology firm. there is a nominal federal corporate tax rate of 35 percent, yet the effective tax rate of the typical corporation is about 12.6%. your firm has been clever with use of transfer pricing and keeping money abroad and has barely paid any taxes over the last 5 years; during this same time period, profits were $28 billion. one member of the board feels that it is un-american to use various accounting strategies in order to avoid paying taxes. others feel that these are legal loopholes and corporations have a fiduciary responsibility to minimize taxes. one board member quoted what the ceo of exxon once said: “i’m not a u.s. company and i don’t make decisions based on what’s good for the u.s.” what are the alternatives? what are your recommendations? why do you recommend this course of action?

Rossdale co. stock currently sells for $68.91 per share and has a beta of 0.88. the market risk premium is 7.10 percent and the risk-free rate is 2.91 percent annually. the company just paid a dividend of $3.57 per share, which it has pledged to increase at an annual rate of 3.25 percent indefinitely. what is your best estimate of the company's cost of equity?