Isaiah needs to visit the doctor. The cost of the appointment without insurance is $200. Isaiah has an insurance plan through his employer with a $50 monthly premium and $20 co-pay. How much will Isaiah have to pay his doctor?

With signals from no-claim bonuses and deductibles, a. the marginal cost curve for careful drivers lies to the left of the marginal cost curve for aggressive drivers b. auto insurance companies insure more aggressive drivers than careful drivers because aggressive drivers have a greater need for the insurance c. the market for car insurance has a separating equilibrium, and the market is efficient d. most drivers pay higher premiums than if the market had no signals