are a result of the design of the product and production system and generally account for about 80 to 95 percent of the observed variation in the output of a production process.

Special cause variation

Explanation:

Special cause variation generally accounts for 80 to 95 percent of the observed variation in a production process.

Common cause variation is a result of management's design of the system.

Common causes of variation are a result of the design of the product and production system and generally account for about 80 to 95 percent of the observed variation in the output of a production process.

Common cause variation is inconstancy affected by anonymous factors happening in a regular but irregular arrangement of output throughout the average of the data. It is a measure of the process potential, or wherewith entirely the process can work when specific condition change withdrew.

Common cause variation is additionally described as within-group variation, random variation, noise, inherent variation, non-controllable variation.  Though variance is an obstacle, it is an essential part of a process—variance will ultimately edge in, and it is not much you can do about it.

answer; ///(d); determining who competes most closely   with whom evaluating whether industry driving forces and competitive pressure favor some strategic groups and hurt others, and ascertaining whether the profit potential of different strategic groups varies due to the strengths and weaknesses in each groups respective market positions;

answer(b); ; ; the quantitative or qualitative variable for which the experimenter wishes to determine how its value is affected by the explanatory variable;