Theory argues that employee behavior is directed toward pleasure and away from pain or, more generally, toward certain outcomes and away from others.

Expectancy

Explanation:

The expectancy theory proposes that an individual will take on a certain behavior because of the individual preference of that behavior and the expected result of taking up that behavior.

Cheers

answer; ///(d); determining who competes most closely   with whom evaluating whether industry driving forces and competitive pressure favor some strategic groups and hurt others, and ascertaining whether the profit potential of different strategic groups varies due to the strengths and weaknesses in each groups respective market positions;

answer; monopolistic competition;