Say the average increase in pay for non-union workers in 2011 is 2% across the u. s. if a workers' union successfully negotiates a 3 year collective agreement that provides a 4.5% raise in 2011, and a 4.3% raise in 2013, then the for-profit employer will typically

cut back the expansion of labor as a trade off between higher salaries but fewer workers.

Explanation:

If the employer believes that he is paying above average wages, he will try to reduce labor costs. Since unions are specially good in preventing massive layoffs, the other alternative left for the employer is to not hire new employees, or reduce the number of new employees that he expected to hire.

the correct answer would be b, when, queen, calder hall and london.

explanation:

we always capitalize words when a paragraph or sentence is starting, when an important name is used, when a place is being written, or simply when a noun is used, etc. so in this sentence, sentence is starting from 'when', so it will be written in capital letters. secondly, queen is considered to be an important person, so it will also be written in capital letter. next, the name of the town is mentioned, i-e calder hall, which will also be written in capital letters. in the last,   city name is being used, 'london', which will also be written in capital letters. so option b is the most appropriate one.

the third answer is correct.