Identify whether or not each of the following scenarios describes a competitive market, along with the correct explanation of why or why not.
1. in a major metropolitan area, there are many coffee shops, but one chain has gained a large market share because customers feel its coffee tastes better than its competitors'.
2. dozens of companies produce plain white socks. consumers regard plain white socks as identical and don't care about who sells them their socks. the technology for producing socks is widely known, and any reputable person who wanted to start a sock manufacturing business could obtain a loan from a bank to buy the necessary machinery.
3. only three airlines fly from san francisco to medford, oregon. no new airline will enter this market, because there are not enough customers to share among four or more airlines without each one experiencing substantially higher average costs. consumers view all airlines as providing basically the same service and will shop around for the lowest price.
4. the government has granted the u. s. postal service the exclusive right to deliver mail.

Verizon communications, inc., provides the following footnote relating to its leasing activities in its 10-k report. the aggregate minimum rental commitments under noncancelable leases for the periods shown at december 31, 2010, are as follows: years (dollars in millions) capital leases operatingleases 2011 $97 $1,898 2012 74 1,720 2013 70 1,471 2014 54 1,255 2015 42 1,012 thereafter 81 5,277 total minimum 418 $ 12,633 rental commitments less interest and (86) executory costs present value of 332 minimum lease payments less current (75) installments long-term obligation $257 at december 31, 2010 (a) confirm that verizon capitalized its capital leases using a rate of 7.4 %. (b) compute the present value of verizon's operating leases, assuming an 7.4% discount rate and rounding the remaining lease term to 3 decimal places. (use a financial calculator or excel to compute. do not round until your final answers. round each answer to the nearest whole number.)

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.

Serious question, which is preferred in a business? pp or poopoo?