Sound tek inc. manufactures electronic stereo equipment. the manufacturing process includes printed circuit (pc) board assembly, final assembly, testing, and shipping. in the pc board assembly operation, a number of individuals are responsible for assembling electronic components into printed circuit boards. each operator is responsible for soldering components according to a given set of instructions. operators work on batches of 50 printed circuit boards. each board requires 4 minutes of board assembly time. after each batch is completed, the operator moves the assembled boards to the final assembly area. this move takes 9 minutes to complete. the final assembly for each stereo unit requires 18 minutes and is also done in batches of 50 units. a batch of 50 stereos is moved into the test building, which is across the street. the move takes 20 minutes. before conducting the test, the test equipment must be set up for the particular stereo model. the test setup requires 30 minutes. the units wait while the setup is performed. in the final test, the 50-unit batch is tested one at a time. each test requires 11 minutes. the completed batch, after all testing, is sent to shipping for packaging and final shipment to customers. a complete batch of 50 units is sent from testing to shipping. the shipping departme 42 min value-added minutes non-value-added minutes 30 x min wait time minutes move time minutes min total non-value-added time min total lead time min value-added ratio (as a percent) 2. move time in this process could best be reduced by: a. doing nothing. b. changing the layout from a process orientation to a product orientation. c. increasing batch sizes. d. eliminating the testing step. e. hiring more workers.