Under normal conditions, which of the following would be most likely to increase the coupon rate required to enable a bond to be issued at par? a. making the bond a first mortgage bond rather than a debenture. b. adding additional restrictive covenants that limit management's actions. c. the rating agencies change the bond's rating from baa to aaa. d. adding a sinking fund. e. adding a call provision.

Match each of the terms below with an example that fits the term. a. fungibility the production of gasoline b. inelasticity the switch from coffee to tea c. non-excludability the provision of national defense d. substitution the demand for cigarettes

Plastic and steel are substitutes in the production of body panels for certain automobiles. if the price of plastic increases, with other things remaining the same, we would expect: a) the demand curve for plastic to shift to the left. b) the price of steel to fall. c) the demand curve for steel to shift to the left d) nothing to happen to steel because it is only a substitute for plastic. e) the demand curve for steel to shift to the right

Kirnon clinic uses client-visits as its measure of activity. during july, the clinic budgeted for 3,250 client-visits, but its actual level of activity was 3,160 client-visits. the clinic has provided the following data concerning the formulas to be used in its budgeting: fixed element per month variable element per client-visitrevenue - $ 39.10personnel expenses $ 35,100 $ 10.30medical supplies 1,100 7.10occupancy expenses 8,100 1.10administrative expenses 5,100 0.20total expenses $ 49,400 $ 18.70the activity variance for net operating income in july would be closest to: