Which characteristic is not true of electronic communication networks (ecns)?
a. automatically match buy and sell orders at specific prices via computers.
b. have increased the cost of trading.
c. have forced organized security exchanges to make significant changes in their operations and structures.
d. none of these options are false.

In 2015, lori assigned a paid-up whole life insurance policy to an irrevocable life insurance trust (ilit) for the benefit of her three children. the ilit contained a crummey provision for the benefit of each child. at the time of the transfer, the whole life insurance policy was valued at $200,000, and since lori had not made any other taxable gifts during her lifetime, she did not owe any gift tax. lori died in 2016, and the face value of the whole life insurance policy of $2,000,000 was paid to the ilit. regarding this transfer, how much is included in lori’s gross estate at her death?