One of the advantages of a database approach is program-data independence. this means that it is
a. a centralized system, thereby making it easier to enforce access restrictions.
b. easier to evolve and alter software to changing business needs when data and programs are independent.
c. easier to deploy and control data access using a centralized system.
d. a centralized system, thereby making it much easier to enforce standards and rules for data creation, modification, naming, and deletion.
e. useful for eliminating redundancy, thereby reducing the possibilities of inconsistency.