Changes in the cpi overstate the true inflation rate due to four "biases". if apple prices rise rapidly during the month while orange prices fall, consumers may reduce their apple purchases and increase their orange purchases.
which of the four biases is concerned with this tendency?
a. the new product bias
b. the substitution bias
c. the increase in quality bias
d. the outlet bias

the substitution bias

Explanation: The substitution bias shows the tendency of consumers of buying less costly good in place expensive one.

In the given case when the price of apple rises and the price of oranges falls then the consumer will purchase more of the oranges. In such a scenario the index will rise showing that the good which was purchased earlier by the consumers has risen however in the real world the consumer shave sifted their demand to a less expensive product.

Thus, it will lead to overstatement of substitution bias.

of the three mortgage options that demarco and tanya have to choose from, the balloon payment mortgage would be their best option, over adjustable payment and fixed payment plans.ultimately, the balloon payment plan would save demarco and tanya overall, in interest, would cost less monthly, and they would only have to make these payments for 8 years, opposing to 30 years for adjustable or fixed payment plans. 

overall, demarco and tanya would save $80,811 if they chose balloon payments over fixed payments, and would save $116,711 if they choose balloon payments over adjustable payments. benefits with choosing fixed payments over adjustable payments is that, in the end, the payments will still be $836.30 a month, while with adjustable payments, the initial monthly payments will be $763.38 to $1082.70 a month, ultimately leading to a more costly purchase. benefits with choosing fixed payments over balloon payments are not present. benefits in choosing adjustable payments over is that it has a lower interest rate, and starts with lower monthly payments initially. benefits in choosing adjustable payments over balloon payments include a lower interest rate, and lower initial monthly payments. benefits in choosing balloon payments over fixed payments include lower interest rates, lower overall price, lower monthly payments, takes less time to pay off, and does not require a downpayment. benefits in choosing balloon payments over adjustable payments include, lower monthly payments (when averaged), takes less time to pay off, and lower overall price.

hence, option c, balloon payments, is the best option for demarco and tanya to make this purchase, for it will save them a minimum of $80811, and a maximum of $116,711.