Which of the following statements about first-line managers is true?
a.
they officially represent their organization to the external environment.
b.
they typically spend a large proportion of their time supervising the work of their subordinates.
c.
they are primarily responsible for implementing policies made by top managers.
d.
they make decisions about activities such as acquiring other companies and entering or abandoning various markets.
e.
they are typically involved in creating overall organizational strategies and goals.

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The business cycle is the periodic but irregular up-and-down movement in economic activity, measured by fluctuations in real gross domestic product (gdp) and other macroeconomic variables. a business cycle is typically characterized by four phases—recession, recovery, growth, and decline—that repeat themselves over time. economists note, however, that complete business cycles vary in length. the duration of business cycles can be anywhere from about two to twelve years, with most cycles averaging six years in length. some business analysts use the business cycle model and terminology to study and explain fluctuations in business inventory and other individual elements of corporate operations. but the term "business cycle" is still primarily associated with larger (industry-wide, regional, national, or even international) business trends.