Which of the following statements describes an element of process costing systems? a. total conversion costs include direct labor and manufacturing overhead costs included in beginning inventory and added to production during the period. b. the total units accounted for equals the sum of equivalent units in ending work in process and equivalent units completed and transferred out. c. direct material costs are traced to individual units of production. d. costs are accumulated by job. e. for current period calculations, the percentage of completion for units in beginning work in process is used to calculate equivalent units under the weighted average method.

Insurance companies have internal controls in place to protect assets, monitor the accuracy of accounting records and encourage operational efficiencies and adherence to policies. these internal controls are generally of two types: administrative controls and accounting controls. administrative controls are the policies and procedures that guide the daily actions of employees. accounting controls are the policies and procedures that delineate authorizations of financial transactions that are done, safeguard assets, and provide reports on the company’s financial status in a reliable and timely manner. internal controls should include both preventative and detective controls. the purpose of preventative controls is to stop problems and errors before they occur. detective controls identify problems after they have occurred. preventative controls are usually more effective at reducing problems, but they also tend to be more expensive. internal controls must be flexible to adjust for changes in laws and regulations in addition to adding new products or modifying current ones. companies must also do regular analyses to ensure that the benefits of implementing the controls are worth their costs. when concerned about paying unwarranted insurance claims which type of control would be useful?

How does your household gain from specialization and comparative advantage? (what is produced, what is not produced yet paid to a specialist to produce? )

Adrawback of short-term contracting as an alternative to making a component in-house is thata. it is the most-integrated alternative to performing an activity so the principal company has no control over the agent. b. the supplying firm has no incentive to make any transaction-specific investments to increase performance or quality. c. it fails to allow a long planning period that individual market transactions provide. d. the buying firm cannot demand lower prices due to the lack of a competitive bidding process.