Owen, the owner of owen’s bar and grill, repeatedly warns his bartenders to check id’s and to be on the lookout for fake id’s. bartender was caught by police serving alcohol is a minor. owen will be held criminally liable, despite his many warnings, under the doctrine
a. personal culpability
b. primary liability
c. vicarious liability
d. retailing fraud

Rate of return douglas keel, a financial analyst for orange industries, wishes to estimate the rate of return for two similar-risk investments, x and y. douglas's research indicates that the immediate past returns will serve as reasonable estimates of future returns. a year earlier, investment x had a market value of $27 comma 000; and investment y had a market value of $46 comma 000. during the year, investment x generated cash flow of $2 comma 025 and investment y generated cash flow of $ 6 comma 770. the current market values of investments x and y are $28 comma 582 and $46 comma 000, respectively. a. calculate the expected rate of return on investments x and y using the most recent year's data. b. assuming that the two investments are equally risky, which one should douglas recommend? why?