Several years ago, joy acquired a passive activity. until 2016, the activity was profitable. joy's at-risk amount at the beginning of 2016 was $250,000. the activity produced losses of $100,000 in 2016, $80,000 in 2017, and $90,000 in 2018. during the same period, no passive activity income was recognized. how much is suspended under the at-risk rules and the passive activity loss rules at the beginning of 2019

Crowding out is a phenomenon focused upon most by the macroeconomists of whereby a government deficit interest rates, which in turn private investment spending. this group also believed that fiscal policy is the only thing that can lower natural unemployment. is just as effective in countering recessions as monetary policy. can be used most of the time, but monetary policy becomes a better option when velocity is fluctuating. should be used only if the central bank follows a monetary policy rule. faces problematic lags in propagating changes throughout the economy.