Initially, the economy is in long-run equilibrium. aggregate demand then shifts leftward by $50 billion. the government wants to increase its spending in order to avoid a recession. if the crowding-out effect is always one-third as strong as the multiplier effect, and if the mpc equals 0.6, then by how much do government purchases have to increase in order to offset the $50 billion leftward shift?

To appeal to a new target market, the maker of hill's coffee has changed the product's package design, reformulated the coffee, begun advertising price discounts in women's magazines, and started distributing the product through gourmet coffee shops. what has been changed? a. the product's perceptual value. b.the product's 4ps. c. the method used in its target marketing. d. the ownership of the product line. e. the product's utility.