Informal logic is
the study of mathematical properties of languages
the study of arguments as they exist in everyday language
the study of formal validity without a focus on everyday usages of critical thinking
the scientific examination of special truths

Andy owns islander surfboard inc. in the past, andy has always given his employees bonuses during the holidays if they reached certain sales goals. this year, even though the company is thriving, he decided to cut bonuses from employees and award them to himself instead. what ethical theory of leadership is andy following?