In fruit flies, normal wing length, n, is dominant to apterous (no wings), n. also, red eyes, r, are dominant to sepia eyes, r. a particular fruit fly has normal wings and red eyes, but since these are the dominant traits, it is not possible to tell whether this fly is homozygous or heterozygous for these traits simply by looking at it. one way to find out is to perform a test cross. which phenotype represents a fly that should be used in this test cross? a. apterous with red eyes b. apterous with sepia eyes c. normal wings and red eyes d. normal wings and sepia eyes

hydroxyl -oh

alcohols, always polar, can form hydrogen bonds with h2o molecules

carboxyl -cooh  

cargoxylic acids, has acidic properties which is a source of hydrogen ions, found in cells in ionized for with a charge of oh-1

carbonyl > co

ketone if within skeleton, aldehyde if group is at the end of skeleton, k & a may be structural isomers, it determines 2 sugars (ketose & aldose)

amino -nh2

amines, acts as a base, it can pick up h+ ions from surrounding solution, ionized with charge of 1+

methyl ch2

addition to rna/dna affects and gene expression

phosphate -opo3 ²⁻

organic phosphates, contributes to negative charge to, molecule that it is a part of, and potential to react with h20

sulfhydryl -sh

thiols, cross-linking stabilize the protein, and it is structure