How does the ribosome know which proteins to make and how to make them?

Explanation:

Ribosome is a complex containing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and other enzymes/proteins. It is the site of protein synthesis which can be found either free-floating or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum in a cell. The second process of protein synthesis called translation, which is when instructions in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins, occurs in the ribosome.

Translation in the ribosome cannot occur without Transfer RNA (tRNA) which is a special type of RNA molecule that matches mRNA codon with its corresponding amino acid. Each tRNA contains a set of three nucleotides called ANTICODON, which it uses to read the mRNA codon (produced by transcription process) and then carries amino acid, specifically the one coded for by the protein it reads, and adds to the growing polypeptide (future protein).

Note that, the tRNA knows which amino acid to carry and add by reading the mRNA codon using its anticodon following the base pairing rule i.e. A-U, G-C

Hence, the ribosome produces a protein based on the amino acid sequence, each carried by tRNA.

The protein is finally released when the a stop codon is encountered in the ribosome, signalling the end of translation.

4.) metal

"-the movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back to the environment

-carbon is the essential component of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates (which make up all organisms)

-carbon exists in air, water, and living organisms

-producers convert carbon dioxide in the atmosphere into carbohydrates during photosynthesis

-bacteria in the atmosphere cycles through the system in filtration units

-in cellular respiration, carbon is released back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide

-some carbon is stored in limestone (forming one of the largest "carbon sinks" on earth)

-largest carbon reservoir on earth= limestone

-carbon stored in the bodies of organisms as fat, oils, or other molecules may be released into the soil or air when the organism dies

-this may form deposits of coal, oil, or natural gas (fossil fuels, which increased the atmospheric carbon dioxide)

-fossil fuels store carbon left over from bodies of organisms that died millions of years ago

-they are located in the surface of earth, deep within the earth and beneath the ocean floor."    

unicellular organisms, like bacteria, are able to perform all life functions within one single cell. multicellular organisms need many different types of cells to carry out the same life processes. each of these special types of cells has a different structure that it perform a specific function.