Amale body contains 5 to 6 liters of blood, whereas a female body contains 4 to 5 liters. why do you think there is a difference between the two? assuming the above is true for your gender (5.5l in males and 4.5l in females), how long would it take for the entire volume to be pumped through your body one time. refer to your calculations for cardiac output and show all of your work.

Though we say that women have lost a lot of blood during menstruation might the cause of low blood volume, but this is not the case.

Testosterone being the male hormone causes an increase in red blood cells production which is responsible for the difference. Testosterone derivatives can also be used to treat anaemia.

There are several reasons for the difference in the blood volume present in males and females.

Few of them are:

Hormones: presence of testosterone in males promotes erythropoiesis. In addition, presence of estrogen in females inhibits erythropoiesis.

Menstrual loss: Females loss few amount of blood every month through menstrual cycle.

Cardiac output can be calculated by multiplying heart rate with stroke volume.

In healthy male at rest, the heart rate is approximately equal to 70beats per minute and stroke volume is approximately equal to 70-80 ml per minute.

Thus, approximately 5000ml or 5 litre of blood is pumped through the heart per minute.

americans began to notice growing differences between the northern and southern sections of the country. there were more people living in cities in the north, which made it more urban. more people lived on farms in the south, which made it more rural. while many people were farmers in the northern states, there were now other ways to make a living, such as working in mechanical cotton gins factories manufacturing cloth, tools and other goods. people in the north supported high tariffs on goods imported from europe because the extra cost encouraged people to “buy american” instead. in the southern states, planters did not like tariffs because they sold most of their production to europe and bought their tools from there as well. southerners believed the protective tariff was something that only northern factory owners keep their profits high. so the southern politicians came up with an idea. they would opt out. they would simply ignore the protective tariff. it was ‘null and void’ in south carolina. the state would not collect the taxes on goods imported into south carolina, no matter what the president said they had to do. this decision led to the nullification crisis.