Why are the results of genetic crosses shown in punnett squares interpreted as probabilities, not certainties? give some specific reasons?

The explanation of the fact that the distribution is a probability and not a certainty is that it is a phenomenon that is not matrisable due to the random crossing of individuals (panmixia) and gametes of two given individuals (pangamia).

Panmixia (random crossings between individuals) covers:

* Equiprobability of gametes: "pangamia" (panmixia of gametes)

* Gamete encounter at random or random formation of couples (Panmixia)

* Random segregation of gametes during meiosis

In other words, it is considered that there is no pre-zygotic selection, the gametes of all the individuals of the generation considered being pooled. The formation of the next generation is therefore the product of a random draw in this gametic pool.

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the second type of galaxy is called a barred spiral, which has a thing called a bar straddling the nucleus