The fibrous connective tissue that makes up the outside covering of the diaphysis is the

fibrous periosteum

The diaphysis is the main shaft of a long bone which is made up of cortical bone which contains bone marrow and fats. It is covered by a fibrous connective tissue called the fibrous periosteum. The cells in this layer are densely packed and contain blood vessels, nerve endings and lymphatic.  

b would be the right answer

the principles and empirical processes of discovery and demonstration considered characteristic of or necessary for scientific investigation, generally involving the observation of phenomena, the formulation of a hypothesis concerning the phenomena, experimentation to test the hypothesis, and development of a conclusion that confirms, rejects, or modifies the hypothesis.