As the remains of an organism change to a fossil, they are replaced by

Why do mutations in genes affect traits? o a. genes determine what type of mutagens an organism has. o b. genes produce proteins that cause traits. o c. genes affect how many chromosomes an organism has o d. genes code for carbohydrates that influence traits.

Imagine a person stepping on a pin and pulling his or her foot away. look at the reflex arc of this scenario below. which statement best describes the image? a)the sensory nerve carries the signal from the effector to the interneuron, and the motor neuron carries the signal to the receptor. b)the motor nerve carries the signal from the receptor to the interneuron, and the sensory neuron carries the signal to the effector. c)the sensory nerve carries the signal from the receptor to the interneuron, and the motor neuron carries the signal to the effector. d)the sensory nerve carries the signal from the receptor to the motor neuron, and the interneuron carries the signal to the effector.

For which of the following ions is the intracellular concentration typically higher than the extracellular concentration? a. sodium b. calcium c. magnesium d. potassium e. chloride