Shannon is making a venn diagram to organize the characteristics of cell walls and cell membranes. which pair of characteristics both belong in the two areas of the venn diagram that do not intersect? (a) with communication; contains mostly cellulose (b) contains mostly cellulose; forms the outer layer of animal cells (c) is found in plant cells; is found in animal cells (d) is semipermeable; found in animal cells

The right answer is (B) contains mostly cellulose; forms the outer layer of animal cells.

The so-called pectocellulosic cell wall (consisting of pectin and cellulose) completely surrounds the cells and thereby plays the role of an internal medium of the plant or an inter-cellular medium. It is therefore involved in intercellular exchanges and communications (just like the cell membrane in animals, so A is false).

The cytoplasmic membrane or plasmalemma is located in contact with the cytoplasm, at the boundary between the inside and the outside of the cell.

from almost the creation of the first true maps of the earth, people started seeing how continents would be able to fit together.   in particular, people noticed that south america fits almost exactly into africa.

you should be aware that while world maps were around early in the 1600’s and better defined by the end of the 1700’s, those maps were not ‘public’ but were treated as state secrets.   and so it was not till much later that the broader ‘science’ community had access to good quality and accurate world maps.

get the whole story here…

it is now known that most of the major continental masses can be fit together in a jigsaw process.   in fact we now know that the continents were indeed once all joined together as one land mass – the supercontinent of pangaea.

if you look at most world maps you will ponder how this is evidence, as the continents really don’t appear to ‘fit’ together very well.   what you need to understand is that the vast majority of maps are drawn using a map projection that has the north and south poles (which are points) are a line the width of the map at the top and bottom.   this means that the map distorts the true shape of the earth’s land and oceans as you love closer to the poles.     some other map projections distort less, but have the map shape looking like segments of an orange.   see here for a range of map projections.   check out the way greenland changes size in each!

what is more remarkable, is the next piece of evidence when added to the shape of continents.

location of mountains and fossils

what is remarkable, when you reassemble all the continents together, the ancient mountain ranges (many now eroded to their cores) and the location of rock types and fossils all match up.

haploid cells;