Fossil records can be studied to determine how organisms change through time. which of the following methods for studying organisms could least likely be accomplished by studying the fossil record?

Someone me with this: a mineral' is determined by its actomic structure.

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i.e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).

1. you serve a volleyball with a mass of 2.1 kg. the ball leaves your hand with a speed of 30 m/s. the ball has energy. calculate it. 2. a baby carriage is sitting at the top of a hill that is 21 m high. the carriage with the baby weighs 12 n. the carriage has energy. calculate it. 3. a car is traveling with a velocity of 40 m/s and has a mass of 1120 kg. the car has . calculate it.